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''Hypsilophodon'' (; meaning "''Hypsilophus''-tooth") is an ornithopod dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous period of England. The first remains of ''Hypsilophodon'' were found in 1849; the type species, ''Hypsilophodon foxii'', was named in 1869. Abundant fossil discoveries were made on the Isle of Wight, giving a good impression of the build of the species. It was a small bipedal animal with an herbivorous or possibly omnivorous diet. ''Hypsilophodon'' reached up to in length, weighed about 20 kg (45 lbs), and was an agile runner. It had a pointed head equipped with a sharp beak used to bite off plant material, much like modern day parrots. Older studies have given rise to number of misconceptions about ''Hypsilophodon'': that it would climb trees, were armoured, reached a length of and were also found outside of Wight. During the past decades new research has gradually shown this to be incorrect. ==Discoveries and species== The first remains of ''Hypsilophodon'' were recovered in the early days of paleontology in 1849, when workers on the Isle of Wight dug up the so-called Mantell-Bowerbank block. One piece of it was sold to Gideon Mantell, the other to naturalist James Scott Bowerbank. However, at the time, the bones were thought to belong to a young ''Iguanodon'': first Mantell in 1849,〔Mantell, G.A., 1849, "Additional observations on the osteology of the ''Iguanodon'' and ''Hylaeosaurus''", ''Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions'', 139: 271-305〕 and then Richard Owen in 1855 describing the block as such.〔Owen, R., 1855, ''Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Part II. Dinosauria (Iguanodon). ()''. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, London, 7: 1-54〕 It was not until 1870 that paleontologist Thomas Henry Huxley was able to publish a fuller description of ''Hypsilophodon'' as we know it today, understanding it represented a species different from ''Iguanodon''. He had gained access in 1868 to a specimen found in January that year by the Reverend William Fox,〔Fox, W.D., 1868, "On the skull and bones of an ''Iguanodon''", ''British Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual Report for 1867'', London, 38: 64-65〕 who had earlier discovered some fossils of the animal as well.〔Fox, W.D., 1866, "Another new Wealden reptile", ''Athenaeum'' 2014: 740〕 This specimen included the skull, which had been lacking with the Mantell-Bowerbank block. Huxley first announced the new species in 1869 in a lecture; the text of this, published the same year, forms the official naming article, because it contained a sufficient description.〔Huxley, T.H., 1869, "On ''Hypsilophodon'', a new genus of Dinosauria", ''Geological Society of London, Abstracts of Proceedings'', 204: 3-4〕 In 1870, Huxley expanded this into a full article, in which he became the first researcher to notice that the Ornithischia (not yet known as such at the time) had a pubic bone pointing backwards like birds.〔Huxley, T.H., 1870, "On ''Hypsilophodon foxii'', a new dinosaurian from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight", ''Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal'', 26: 3-12〕 The type species was named ''Hypsilophodon foxii''.〔 There is a persistent misunderstanding as to the meaning of the generic name, which is often translated directly from the Greek as "high-ridged tooth".〔 In reality Huxley, analogous to the way the name of the related genus ''Iguanodon'' ("iguana-tooth") had been formed, intended to name the animal after an extant herbivorous lizard, choosing for this role ''Hypsilophus'' and combining its name with Greek ὀδών, ''odon'', "tooth".〔Darren Naish, 2009, ''The Great Dinosaur Discoveries'', A & C Black, London, p. 46〕 ''Hypsilophodon'' thus means "''Hypsilophus''-tooth". The Greek ὑψίλοφος, ''hypsilophos'', means "high-crested" and refers to the back frill of the lizard, not to the teeth of ''Hypsilophodon'' itself, which are not high-ridged in any case.〔P.M. Galton, 2009, "Notes on Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England - ''Hypsilophodon'', ''Valdosaurus'', "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" - and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere", ''Revue de Paléobiologie'', Genève 28(1): 211-273〕 The specific name ''foxii'' honours Fox.〔 The holotype of the animal, today having the inventory number NHM R197, is the skull found by Fox. The Mantell-Bowerbank block is the paratype; its two pieces have been combined in the collection of the Natural History Museum as specimens NHM 28707, 39560-1.〔 Owen was not convinced by Huxley's conclusion that ''Hypsilophodon'' represented a different genus and in 1874 renamed the species ''Iguanodon foxii''.〔Owen, R., 1874, ''Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Supplement No. 5. Dinosauria (Iguanodon). (and Purbeck )''. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 27, pp 1-18〕 However, this was again rejected by John Whitaker Hulke, who had obtained some additional specimens from Fox,〔Hulke, J.W., 1873, , ''Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal'', 29: 522-532〕 in 1874 described some presumed dermal armour,〔Hulke, J.W., 1874, "Supplemental note on the anatomy of ''Hypsilophodon foxii''", ''Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal'', 30: 18-23〕 and in 1882 published a full osteology of the species.〔Hulke, J.W., 1882, "An attempt at a complete osteology of ''Hypsilophodon foxii'', a British Wealden dinosaur", ''Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions'', 172: 1053-1062〕 Later, the number of specimens was increased by Reginald Walter Hooley. In 1905, Baron Franz Nopcsa dedicated a study to ''Hypsilophodon'',〔Nopcsa, F., 1905, "Notes on British dinosaurs. Part I. ''Hypsilophodon''", ''Geological Magazine'', London, (5) 2: 203-208〕 and in 1936 William Elgin Swinton did the same,〔Swinton, W.E., 1936, "Notes on the osteology of ''Hypsilophodon'', and on the family Hypsilophodontidae", ''Zoological Society of London, Proceedings'', 1936: 555-578〕 on the occasion of the mounting of two restored skeletons in the British Museum of Natural History.〔Swinton, W.E., 1936, "A new exhibit of ''Hypsilophodon''", ''Natural History Magazine'', London, 5: 331-336〕 Modern research of ''Hypsilophodon'' began with the studies of Peter Malcolm Galton, starting with his thesis of 1967.〔Galton, P.M., 1967, ''On the anatomy of the ornithischian dinosaur ''Hypsilophodon foxii'' from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, England''. unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, King’s College, UK, 513 pp〕 Although new finds continue to be made,〔 most known ''Hypsilophodon'' specimens were discovered between 1849 and 1921 and are in the possession of the Natural History Museum that acquired the collections of Mantell, Fox, Hulke and Hooley.〔 These represent about twenty individual animals. Apart from the holotype and paratype, the most significant specimens are: NHM R5829, the skeleton of a large animal; NHM R5830 and NHM R196/196a, both skeletons of juvenile animals; and NHM R2477, a block with a skull together with two separate vertebral columns. Fossils from other locations, especially from the mainland of southern Great Britain, Portugal and Spain, have once been referred to ''Hypsilophodon''. However, in 2009 Galton concluded that the specimens from Great Britain proper were either indeterminable or belonged to ''Valdosaurus'', and that the fossils from the rest of Europe were those of related but different species. This leaves the finds on Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, as the only known authentic ''Hypsilophodon'' fossils.〔 The fossils have been found in the ''Hypsilophodon Bed'', a one metre thick marl layer surfacing in a 1200 metre long strip along the Cowleaze Chine parallel to the southwest coast of Wight,〔 part of the upper Wessex Formation and dating to the late Barremian, about 126 million years old. Reports that ''Hypsilophodon'' would be present in the later Vectis Formation, Galton in 2009 considered as unsubstantiated.〔 There is only one known species of ''Hypsilophodon'', Huxley's original ''H. foxii''. Galton and James Jensen named another species in 1978/1979, ''Hypsilophodon wielandi'', which is based on a thigh bone from South Dakota, USA, specimen AMNH 2585 found in 1891 by George Reber Wieland.〔Galton, P.M. & J.A. Jensen, 1978, "Remains of ornithopod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of North America", ''Brigham Young University, Geology Studies, Provo'', 25(3): 1-10〕 This species was once seen as indicative of a late land bridge between North America and Europe,〔Galton, P.M. & J.A. Jensen, 1975, "''Hypsilophodon'' and ''Iguanodon'' from the Lower Cretaceous of North America", ''Nature'' 257: 668-669〕 but it is now regarded as an indeterminate basal ornithopod. Galton in 2009 considered it a ''nomen dubium'', the femur in view of the provenance possibly belonging to ''Zephyrosaurus''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hypsilophodon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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